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This research was funded by the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion (MICIN) and the Agencia Estatal de Investigacion (AEI) (Spain) through the CELLECTRA (PID2020-112976RB-C21) and the BiOCEANsing (PID2023-149899OB-C21) projects, and the European Commission through the BLUESHELLFISH (HORIZON-MSCA-101086234) project. For this work, the CITEB action programme is supported by the FEDER and the Reunion Region. Jaume Reverte acknowledges IRTA for his PhD grant (CPI0422). The authors also would like to acknowledge the support from CERCA Programme/Generalitat de Catalunya.

Analysis of institutional authors

Reverté, JaumeAuthorDiogene, JorgeAuthorCampas, MonicaCorresponding Author

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Article

Analysis of ciguatoxins in fish with a single-step sandwich immunoassay

Publicated to:Harmful Algae. 146 102869- - 2025-06-01 146(), DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2025.102869

Authors: Reverte, Jaume; Shukla, Shivangi; Tsumuraya, Takeshi; Hirama, Masahiro; Turquet, Jean; Diogene, Jorge; Campas, Monica

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Abstract

Ciguatoxins (CTXs) are the primary cause of ciguatera poisoning (CP), one of the most prevalent non-bacterial seafood-borne illnesses worldwide. With no cure available beyond palliative treatments to alleviate symptoms, effective CP management relies on prevention. However, the detection of CTXs in seafood poses significant analytical challenges due to their typically low concentrations in specimens and the high variability among CTX congeners, many of which remain poorly characterized. These challenges have led to a growing demand for the development of rapid, sensitive, and user-friendly bioanalytical tools for CP surveillance. In this study, several simplified sandwich immunoassay strategies were evaluated for the detection of Pacific CTXs in fish. Among them, the single-step strategy was identified as the most promising, as it enables the detection of Pacific CTXs in complex fish matrixes within only 40 min at levels as low as 0.01 mu g CTX1B equivalents/kg of fish, aligned with the safety guidance level proposed by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Unlike traditional sandwich immunoassays, which require several sequential incubation steps, the single-step strategy involves a simultaneous incubation of all components with the sample, uniquely followed by a washing and substrate incubation step prior to signal measurement. This approach significantly reduces both the complexity and time required for analysis, positioning this immunoassay as a highly promising tool for CP risk assessment and management.

Keywords

AntibodyAssayBrevetoxinsCiguateraCiguatera poisoning (cp)Ciguatoxin (ctx)Food safetMonoclonal-antibodiesPolyetherSaxitoxinsSingle-step immunoassaySodium-channelsStick testTetrodotoxinToxins

Quality index

Bibliometric impact. Analysis of the contribution and dissemination channel

The work has been published in the journal Harmful Algae due to its progression and the good impact it has achieved in recent years, according to the agency WoS (JCR), it has become a reference in its field. In the year of publication of the work, 2025, it was in position 4/119, thus managing to position itself as a Q1 (Primer Cuartil), in the category Marine & Freshwater Biology. Notably, the journal is positioned above the 90th percentile.

Impact and social visibility

From the perspective of influence or social adoption, and based on metrics associated with mentions and interactions provided by agencies specializing in calculating the so-called "Alternative or Social Metrics," we can highlight as of 2025-06-05:

  • The use, from an academic perspective evidenced by the Altmetric agency indicator referring to aggregations made by the personal bibliographic manager Mendeley, gives us a total of: 1.

With a more dissemination-oriented intent and targeting more general audiences, we can observe other more global scores such as:

  • The Total Score from Altmetric: 1.
  • The number of mentions on the social network X (formerly Twitter): 1 (Altmetric).

It is essential to present evidence supporting full alignment with institutional principles and guidelines on Open Science and the Conservation and Dissemination of Intellectual Heritage. A clear example of this is:

  • The work has been submitted to a journal whose editorial policy allows open Open Access publication.
  • Assignment of a Handle/URN as an identifier within the deposit in the Institutional Repository: http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12327/4562

Leadership analysis of institutional authors

This work has been carried out with international collaboration, specifically with researchers from: France; Japan.

There is a significant leadership presence as some of the institution’s authors appear as the first or last signer, detailed as follows: First Author (REVERTE NAVARRO, JAUME) and Last Author (CAMPAS HOMS, MONICA).

the author responsible for correspondence tasks has been CAMPAS HOMS, MONICA.