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Article

Coinfection of Chytrid Fungi in Urodeles during an Outbreak of Chytridiomycosis in Spain.

Publicated to:Journal Of Wildlife Diseases. 58 (3): 658-663 - 2022-07-01 58(3), DOI: 10.7589/jwd-d-21-00170

Authors: Ribas MP; Cabezón O; Velarde R; Estruch J; Serrano E; Bosch J; Thumsová B; Martínez-Silvestre A

Affiliations

Biodiversity Research Institute (University of Oviedo-CSIC-Principality of Asturias), 33600 Mieres, Spain. - Author
Biodiversity Research Institute (University of Oviedo-CSIC-Principality of Asturias), 33600 Mieres, Spain.; Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales-CSIC, 28006 Madrid, Spain. - Author
Catalonia Reptile and Amphibian Rescue Center (CRARC), 08783 Masquefa, Spain. - Author
Wildlife Conservation Medicine Research Group (WildCoM), Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain. - Author
Wildlife Conservation Medicine Research Group (WildCoM), Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain.; Research and Conservation Department, Zoo de Barcelona, Parc de la Ciutadella s/n, 09003 Barc - Author
Wildlife Ecology & Health Group (WEH) and Servei d'Ecopatologia de Fauna Salvatge (SEFaS), Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain. - Author
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Abstract

Chytridiomycosis, caused by Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) and Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans (Bsal), has had an unprecedented impact on amphibian biodiversity. Although Bd is globally widespread, Bsal is currently spreading, increasing the probability that these pathogens will co-occur in individual amphibians. Interactions among coinfecting parasites can have significant outcomes on disease dynamics and impact and, therefore, may have important consequences for amphibian conservation. We analyzed the patterns of Bd-Bsal coinfections in two species of free-ranging urodeles during an outbreak of chytridiomycosis in Spain. Our goals were to assess 1) the probability of co-occurrence of both chytrid species and 2) the correlation of pathogen loads in coinfected hosts. We detected coinfections in 81.58% of Triturus marmoratus (n=38) and in 18.75% of Ichthyosaura alpestris (n=16). Histopathologic lesions of chytridiomycosis were observed only in T. marmoratus. Our results demonstrate a positive relationship between Bd and Bsal loads in T. marmoratus, whereas the co-occurrence analysis showed a random association among pathogens in both urodele species. Overall, we show that Bd-Bsal coinfections intensify pathogen load in T. marmoratus and could, therefore, increase disease severity and have important consequences for the conservation of some amphibian species.

Keywords

AmphibiansAnimalsBatrachochytriumBatrachochytrium dendrobatidisBatrachochytrium salamandrivoransChytridiomycotaCo-occurrenceCoinfectionDisease outbreaksMycosesSpainUrodeles

Quality index

Bibliometric impact. Analysis of the contribution and dissemination channel

The work has been published in the journal Journal Of Wildlife Diseases due to its progression and the good impact it has achieved in recent years, according to the agency WoS (JCR), it has become a reference in its field. In the year of publication of the work, 2022, it was in position 72/144, thus managing to position itself as a Q2 (Segundo Cuartil), in the category Veterinary Sciences. Notably, the journal is positioned en el Cuartil Q2 para la agencia Scopus (SJR) en la categoría .

From a relative perspective, and based on the normalized impact indicator calculated from the Field Citation Ratio (FCR) of the Dimensions source, it yields a value of: 2.91, which indicates that, compared to works in the same discipline and in the same year of publication, it ranks as a work cited above average. (source consulted: Dimensions Jun 2025)

Specifically, and according to different indexing agencies, this work has accumulated citations as of 2025-06-21, the following number of citations:

  • Scopus: 3
  • Europe PMC: 2

Impact and social visibility

From the perspective of influence or social adoption, and based on metrics associated with mentions and interactions provided by agencies specializing in calculating the so-called "Alternative or Social Metrics," we can highlight as of 2025-06-21:

  • The use, from an academic perspective evidenced by the Altmetric agency indicator referring to aggregations made by the personal bibliographic manager Mendeley, gives us a total of: 18.
  • The use of this contribution in bookmarks, code forks, additions to favorite lists for recurrent reading, as well as general views, indicates that someone is using the publication as a basis for their current work. This may be a notable indicator of future more formal and academic citations. This claim is supported by the result of the "Capture" indicator, which yields a total of: 18 (PlumX).

With a more dissemination-oriented intent and targeting more general audiences, we can observe other more global scores such as:

  • The Total Score from Altmetric: 6.4.
  • The number of mentions on the social network X (formerly Twitter): 8 (Altmetric).

It is essential to present evidence supporting full alignment with institutional principles and guidelines on Open Science and the Conservation and Dissemination of Intellectual Heritage. A clear example of this is:

  • The work has been submitted to a journal whose editorial policy allows open Open Access publication.